1、主保護：滿足系統穩定(ding)和(he)設備安全要(yao)求，能以最快(kuai)速度有選(xuan)擇(ze)地切除被保護設備和(he)線路故障的保護。

2、高頻(pin)閉(bi)鎖(suo)距離保護(hu)(hu)：利用距離保護(hu)(hu)的(de)啟動元件(jian)和距離方向元件(jian)控制收(shou)發(fa)信(xin)(xin)機發(fa)出高頻(pin)閉(bi)鎖(suo)信(xin)(xin)號，閉(bi)鎖(suo)兩(liang)側保護(hu)(hu)的(de)原(yuan)理構成的(de)高頻(pin)保護(hu)(hu)。

3、二次設備(bei)：是(shi)指對一次設備(bei)的工作(zuo)進(jin)行監測(ce)、控制、調節、保護以及為運行、維護人員提供運行工況或生產指揮信(xin)號(hao)所需的低壓(ya)電氣設備(bei)。

4、重復接地：將零線(xian)上的(de)一(yi)點或多點，與大地進行再一(yi)次的(de)連(lian)接叫重復接地。

5、距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)：是(shi)利用阻(zu)(zu)抗元件(jian)來反應短路(lu)故障(zhang)的保(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置。因阻(zu)(zu)抗元件(jian)反應接入該元件(jian)的電壓(ya)與電流的比值(zhi)（U/I=Z），即反應短路(lu)故障(zhang)點(dian)至保(bao)護(hu)(hu)安(an)裝處的阻(zu)(zu)抗值(zhi)，而線路(lu)的阻(zu)(zu)抗與距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)成正(zheng)比，所以(yi)稱(cheng)這種(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)為距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)或阻(zu)(zu)抗保(bao)護(hu)(hu)。

6、零(ling)序(xu)保(bao)護(hu)：在大短路電(dian)流接地(di)系統中發生接地(di)故障后，就有零(ling)序(xu)電(dian)流、零(ling)序(xu)電(dian)壓和零(ling)序(xu)功率出現(xian)，利用這些電(dian)量構成(cheng)保(bao)護(hu)接地(di)短路的(de)繼電(dian)保(bao)護(hu)裝置統稱為零(ling)序(xu)保(bao)護(hu)。零(ling)序(xu)電(dian)流保(bao)護(hu)就是常用的(de)一種。

7、后備(bei)保護(hu)：是(shi)指當某一元(yuan)件(jian)的主(zhu)保護(hu)或斷路器(qi)拒絕(jue)動作時(shi)，能(neng)夠以較長時(shi)限（相對于主(zhu)保護(hu)）切(qie)除故障元(yuan)件(jian)的保護(hu)元(yuan)件(jian)。

8、高(gao)頻保護：就是(shi)故障后將(jiang)線路(lu)兩端(duan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)相位或(huo)功率方向轉化(hua)為(wei)高(gao)頻信號(hao)，然(ran)后利用輸電(dian)(dian)線路(lu)本身構成一高(gao)頻電(dian)(dian)流(liu)通道，將(jiang)此(ci)信號(hao)送至對端(duan)，以比較兩端(duan)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)相位或(huo)功率方向的(de)一種保護。

9、電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統安全自(zi)動裝(zhuang)置：是(shi)指防止電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統失去穩(wen)定和避(bi)免電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統發(fa)生大面積停電(dian)(dian)的自(zi)動保護(hu)裝(zhuang)置。

10、電力系(xi)統事(shi)故(gu)(gu)：是指電力系(xi)統設備故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)或人員工(gong)作失誤(wu)，影響電能供(gong)應數量和質量并超(chao)過(guo)規定范圍的(de)事(shi)件。

11、諧振過電壓：電力系(xi)統(tong)中一(yi)些(xie)電感、電容元件(jian)在系(xi)統(tong)進行操作或發生故障時可形成各種振蕩回(hui)路，在一(yi)定的(de)(de)能(neng)源(yuan)下，會產生串聯諧振現(xian)象，導致系(xi)統(tong)某些(xie)元件(jian)出現(xian)嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)過電壓。

12、斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)器失靈保(bao)(bao)護：當系統(tong)發生(sheng)故障(zhang)，故障(zhang)元件(jian)的保(bao)(bao)護動作而斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)器操(cao)作失靈拒絕跳閘時，通(tong)過故障(zhang)元件(jian)的保(bao)(bao)護作用(yong)(yong)于本(ben)變(bian)電站相(xiang)鄰斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)器跳閘，有(you)條件(jian)的還可以利用(yong)(yong)通(tong)道，使遠端有(you)關斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)器同時跳閘的接線稱為斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)器失靈保(bao)(bao)護。

13、諧振(zhen)：由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容組成(cheng)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，若電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的頻率和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的參數(shu)符合(he)一定的條件，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗將等(deng)于零，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路呈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)性，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流同相位，這種現象稱為(wei)諧振(zhen)。

14、綜合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)：當發(fa)生單(dan)相接(jie)地故障時，采(cai)用單(dan)相重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)；當發(fa)生相間短路時，采(cai)用三(san)相重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。綜合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)考慮這兩種(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)的裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)稱為綜合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。綜合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)經過(guo)轉換(huan)開關切換(huan)，一般都具有(you)單(dan)相重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)，三(san)相重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)，綜合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)和直跳(即線路上發(fa)生任何類型的故障，保(bao)護可通(tong)過(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)的出口，斷開三(san)相，不進行(xing)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha))等四種(zhong)運(yun)行(xing)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。

15、自動重合閘：是將因故障(zhang)跳開(kai)后的斷路(lu)器(qi)按需要自動投入(ru)的一種自動裝置。

16、運用中的電(dian)氣設備：是指全(quan)部帶有電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)或(huo)一(yi)部分帶有電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)及一(yi)經操作(zuo)即帶有電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的電(dian)氣設備。

17、遠后(hou)備(bei)：是指當(dang)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)故障而其保護裝置或開(kai)關(guan)拒絕動作(zuo)時，由各電源(yuan)側的相鄰元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)保護裝置動作(zuo)將故障切開(kai)。

18、能量管理(li)系(xi)統（EMS）：是(shi)現代電(dian)網調度自動化系(xi)統的總稱(cheng)。其主(zhu)要功能由(you)基礎(chu)功能和應用功能兩(liang)個(ge)部分(fen)組成(cheng)。

19、近后備保(bao)(bao)護(hu)：用雙重化配(pei)置方式加強元(yuan)件(jian)本身的(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)，使之(zhi)在區內故障時，保(bao)(bao)護(hu)無拒動的(de)可能，同(tong)時裝設(she)開(kai)(kai)(kai)關失靈保(bao)(bao)護(hu)，以便當開(kai)(kai)(kai)關拒絕跳(tiao)閘(zha)時啟動它來切(qie)(qie)開(kai)(kai)(kai)同(tong)一(yi)變電所(suo)母(mu)線的(de)高壓開(kai)(kai)(kai)關，或(huo)搖切(qie)(qie)對(dui)側開(kai)(kai)(kai)關。

20、復合電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過電(dian)(dian)流保護：是由(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)負(fu)序電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)和一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)接在相間電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上的(de)低電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)共同組成的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)復合元(yuan)件，兩個(ge)繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)只要有一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)動(dong)作，同時過電(dian)(dian)流繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)也動(dong)作，整(zheng)套裝置即能啟(qi)動(dong)。

21、自(zi)動低頻減負(fu)荷裝(zhuang)置：為(wei)了提高供電質量，保證(zheng)重要(yao)用戶供電的可(ke)靠性，當系統出現有功(gong)功(gong)率缺額引起頻率下降時，根據頻率下降的程度(du)，自(zi)動斷(duan)開一部分不重要(yao)的用戶，阻(zu)止(zhi)頻率下降，以使頻率迅速恢復到正(zheng)常值，這種裝(zhuang)置叫自(zi)動低頻減負(fu)荷裝(zhuang)置。

22、線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路的(de)(de)縱聯保護：當線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路發生故障時，使兩側(ce)開關(guan)(guan)同時快速(su)跳(tiao)閘的(de)(de)一種保護裝(zhuang)置，是線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路的(de)(de)主保護。它以線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路兩側(ce)判別量的(de)(de)特定關(guan)(guan)系(xi)作為判據。即兩側(ce)均(jun)將(jiang)判別量借助通(tong)道傳輸到對側(ce)，然后，兩側(ce)分別安(an)裝(zhuang)對側(ce)與本(ben)側(ce)判別量之間(jian)的(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)來判別區內(nei)故障或區外故障。

23、電力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)動態(tai)穩定：是指電力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)受到小(xiao)的(de)或(huo)大的(de)干(gan)擾后，在(zai)自動調節(jie)器和控制裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)作用下，保持長過程(cheng)的(de)運行穩定性的(de)能(neng)力。

24、調度術語中“許(xu)可” 的含(han)義: 在(zai)改變電氣設備的狀態和電網運行方式前(qian),根據有關規定(ding),由有關人員提出操作項(xiang)目,值班(ban)調度員同意(yi)其操作。

25、綜(zong)合指令：是(shi)值班(ban)調(diao)(diao)度員對一個單(dan)位(wei)下達的一個綜(zong)合操(cao)作任務,具體(ti)操(cao)作項目、順序由(you)現場運行(xing)(xing)人員按(an)規定自行(xing)(xing)填寫操(cao)作票(piao),在得(de)到值班(ban)調(diao)(diao)度員允(yun)許(xu)之(zhi)后(hou)即可進行(xing)(xing)操(cao)作。

26、頻率的(de)(de)一(yi)次(ci)調(diao)(diao)整：由發電機組的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)速器(qi)自動實現的(de)(de)不(bu)改變變速機構位置的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)過程就是頻率的(de)(de)一(yi)次(ci)調(diao)(diao)整。這一(yi)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)是有差(cha)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)，是對第一(yi)種負(fu)荷變動引起(qi)的(de)(de)頻率偏(pian)差(cha)進(jin)行(xing)的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)整。

27、頻(pin)率(lv)的(de)二(er)次(ci)調整(zheng)：在電力負(fu)荷(he)發生變(bian)化時(shi)，僅靠發電機(ji)調速系統頻(pin)率(lv)特(te)性而(er)引起的(de)一次(ci)調頻(pin)是(shi)不能恢(hui)復原運行頻(pin)率(lv)的(de)，為(wei)使頻(pin)率(lv)保持不變(bian)，需(xu)運行人員手動(dong)或自動(dong)操作調速器，使發電機(ji)的(de)頻(pin)率(lv)特(te)性平(ping)行地上下(xia)移動(dong)，進而(er)調整(zheng)負(fu)荷(he)，使頻(pin)率(lv)不變(bian)。保持系統頻(pin)率(lv)不變(bian)是(shi)由一次(ci)調整(zheng)和二(er)次(ci)調整(zheng)共同完成的(de)。

28、頻率(lv)(lv)的三(san)次(ci)調整：即有(you)(you)功功率(lv)(lv)的經濟分配(pei)。按最優化準則分配(pei)預(yu)計(ji)負荷中的持(chi)續(xu)分量部分，安排系(xi)統(tong)系(xi)統(tong)內各(ge)有(you)(you)關發電(dian)廠按給定(ding)的負荷曲(qu)線發電(dian)，在各(ge)發電(dian)廠、各(ge)發電(dian)機組之間最優分配(pei)有(you)(you)功功率(lv)(lv)負荷。

29、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)調速(su)(su)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)頻率靜態(tai)特性(xing)：當系(xi)統(tong)頻率變化(hua)時，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)組的(de)(de)調速(su)(su)系(xi)統(tong)將自動地改(gai)變汽輪(lun)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)進(jin)汽量(liang)或水(shui)輪(lun)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)進(jin)水(shui)量(liang)，以(yi)增減發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)組的(de)(de)出力，這種反映由(you)頻率變化(hua)而引發(fa)(fa)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)組出力變化(hua)的(de)(de)關系(xi)，叫發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)調速(su)(su)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)頻率靜態(tai)特性(xing)。

30、逆調(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)方式：在(zai)(zai)最大負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)時提高(gao)中(zhong)(zhong)樞(shu)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)以抵償因(yin)線路上最大負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)而增大的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)損耗，在(zai)(zai)最小負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)時將中(zhong)(zhong)樞(shu)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降低一(yi)些(xie)以防(fang)止負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)點(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)過高(gao)。這種中(zhong)(zhong)樞(shu)點(dian)的(de)(de)調(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)方法(fa)稱(cheng)為逆調(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。在(zai)(zai)最大負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)時，使(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)樞(shu)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)比(bi)線路額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)高(gao)5%，在(zai)(zai)最低負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)時，使(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)樞(shu)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)下降至線路的(de)(de)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，大多能滿足(zu)用戶要求(qiu)。

31、恒(heng)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)：如(ru)果(guo)負(fu)(fu)荷變動(dong)較小，即將中樞點電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)保持在(zai)較線路額定電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)高（2%--5%）的(de)數值，不必(bi)隨負(fu)(fu)荷變化來(lai)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)整中樞點的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)仍可保證(zheng)負(fu)(fu)荷點的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)質量，這種調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)方法叫恒(heng)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)或常調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。

32、順調壓：如負荷變化甚小(xiao)(xiao)，或(huo)用戶(hu)處于(yu)允許電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓偏移較大的農業電(dian)(dian)(dian)網，在(zai)最大負荷時(shi)允許中樞點電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低一(yi)些(xie)（不(bu)得低于(yu)線(xian)(xian)路額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的102.5%），在(zai)最小(xiao)(xiao)負荷時(shi)允許中樞點電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高一(yi)些(xie)（不(bu)得高于(yu)線(xian)(xian)路額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的107.5%）。在(zai)無(wu)功(gong)調整手段(duan)不(bu)足時(shi)，可采取(qu)這種調壓方(fang)式，但一(yi)般應(ying)避免采用。

33、電(dian)力調度(du)(du)計(ji)劃的變更權(quan)：是(shi)指電(dian)網調度(du)(du)機構(gou)在(zai)電(dian)網出現特(te)殊(shu)情況下，變更日調度(du)(du)計(ji)劃的一種(zhong)權(quan)利(li)。這種(zhong)權(quan)利(li)是(shi)有限的，不(bu)能借此(ci)權(quan)利(li)濫變調度(du)(du)計(ji)劃而使其失去嚴肅性。

34、變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)空載(zai)損(sun)耗：變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)運行時，一(yi)次側(ce)在額定電壓(ya)下變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)所消耗的功率。其(qi)近似等于(yu)鐵損(sun)。

35、變壓(ya)器(qi)連接組別的(de)(de)時(shi)鐘表示法(fa)：以(yi)變壓(ya)器(qi)高(gao)壓(ya)側線(xian)電壓(ya)的(de)(de)向(xiang)量(liang)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)分針(zhen)，并固定指向(xiang)“12”，以(yi)低壓(ya)側同(tong)名線(xian)電壓(ya)的(de)(de)向(xiang)量(liang)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)時(shi)針(zhen)，它(ta)所指向(xiang)的(de)(de)時(shi)數，即為(wei)該接線(xian)組別的(de)(de)組號。

36、變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)過勵磁：當變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)在電壓(ya)升高(gao)或頻率下降時都將(jiang)造成工作磁通密度增加，變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的鐵(tie)芯飽和稱為變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)過勵磁。

37、變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)勵(li)磁涌流：是指(zhi)變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)全電壓充(chong)電時在其繞組產生(sheng)的暫(zan)態電流。其最大值可達變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)額定電流值的6—8倍。最大涌流出(chu)現在變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)投入時電壓經過零點瞬間。

38、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)：把(ba)由發電(dian)(dian)(dian)、輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備及相應的輔(fu)助系(xi)統(tong)組(zu)成的電(dian)(dian)(dian)能生產、輸(shu)送、分配(pei)、使用(yong)的統(tong)一整體稱(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)。

39、電(dian)(dian)力(li)網：把輸電(dian)(dian)、變電(dian)(dian)、配電(dian)(dian)設備(bei)及相應的(de)輔助系統組成的(de)聯系發電(dian)(dian)與用電(dian)(dian)的(de)統一整體稱為電(dian)(dian)力(li)網。

40、輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)能力：是指在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)之間，或(huo)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)從一個局部系(xi)統(tong)（或(huo)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠）到另一個局部系(xi)統(tong)（或(huo)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)所）之間的輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)容許的最大送電(dian)(dian)(dian)功率(lv)（一般按受端計）。

41、主網(wang)(wang)：是指最高電(dian)壓(ya)輸電(dian)網(wang)(wang)，在形(xing)成(cheng)初期也包(bao)括次一級電(dian)壓(ya)網(wang)(wang)，共同構成(cheng)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)骨架。

42、電(dian)(dian)網(wang)結(jie)構(gou)：主要是指主網(wang)的接線(xian)方式、區域電(dian)(dian)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)和負荷大(da)小及聯絡線(xian)功(gong)率交換量的大(da)小等。

43、線路充電(dian)功(gong)率：由線路的(de)對地(di)電(dian)容電(dian)流所產生的(de)無功(gong)功(gong)率，稱為線路的(de)充電(dian)功(gong)率。

44、潛供電(dian)流：當故(gu)障(zhang)相(xiang)（線(xian)路）自兩側切除后，非(fei)故(gu)障(zhang)相(xiang)（線(xian)路）與(yu)斷開(kai)相(xiang)（線(xian)路）之間存在的電(dian)感耦(ou)合和電(dian)容耦(ou)合，繼續向故(gu)障(zhang)相(xiang)（線(xian)路）提供的電(dian)流稱(cheng)為潛供電(dian)流。如其值較(jiao)大時可使重合閘失敗。

45、波(bo)阻抗(kang)：電(dian)(dian)磁波(bo)沿線(xian)路單方向(xiang)傳(chuan)播時，行(xing)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)壓與行(xing)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)流絕(jue)對值(zhi)(zhi)之比稱為波(bo)阻抗(kang)。其值(zhi)(zhi)為單位長度線(xian)路電(dian)(dian)感與電(dian)(dian)容之比的平方根。

46、自(zi)(zi)然功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)：輸電(dian)線(xian)路既會因其(qi)具(ju)有的(de)分(fen)布電(dian)容產(chan)生無功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，又(you)會因其(qi)串聯阻抗消耗無功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，當沿線(xian)路傳(chuan)送某一固定(ding)有功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，線(xian)路上(shang)的(de)這(zhe)兩種無功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)適能相互平衡時，這(zhe)個有功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)叫線(xian)路的(de)自(zi)(zi)然功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。如傳(chuan)輸的(de)有功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)低(di)于此值(zhi)，線(xian)路將向系統送出無功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)；而高于此值(zhi)時，則(ze)將吸(xi)收系統的(de)無功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。

47、大接地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)電流(liu)系(xi)(xi)統：中(zhong)性點直接接地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)系(xi)(xi)統中(zhong)，發生單(dan)相接地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)故(gu)障(zhang)時，接地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)短(duan)路電流(liu)很大，這種系(xi)(xi)統稱為大接地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)電流(liu)系(xi)(xi)統。

48、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)崩潰：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)特性曲線(xian)與無(wu)功(gong)(gong)負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)特性曲線(xian)的(de)切點所(suo)對(dui)應的(de)運(yun)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，稱為(wei)臨(lin)界電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)所(suo)有(you)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源容量已調(diao)至(zhi)最大(da)，系(xi)統(tong)運(yun)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)會(hui)因無(wu)功(gong)(gong)負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)的(de)不(bu)斷增長而不(bu)斷降低，如運(yun)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降至(zhi)臨(lin)界電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)時，會(hui)因擾動使(shi)(shi)負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)下降，將使(shi)(shi)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源永遠小于無(wu)功(gong)(gong)負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)，從(cong)而導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)不(bu)斷下降最終到(dao)零，這(zhe)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)不(bu)斷下降最終到(dao)零的(de)現象稱為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)崩潰。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)崩潰會(hui)導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)大(da)量損失負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)，甚至(zhi)大(da)面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)使(shi)(shi)系(xi)統(tong)瓦解。

49、頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)崩(beng)潰(kui)：發電機(ji)的頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)特性(xing)曲(qu)(qu)線與負荷(he)的頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)特性(xing)曲(qu)(qu)線的切點(dian)所對應的頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)稱(cheng)為(wei)臨(lin)界頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)。電力系統(tong)(tong)(tong)運行頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)等于(yu)（或低(di)與）臨(lin)界頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)時(shi)，如擾動使系統(tong)(tong)(tong)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)下降，將迫使發電機(ji)出力減少(shao)，從而使系統(tong)(tong)(tong)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)進一步下降，有(you)功不平衡加(jia)劇(ju)，形(xing)成惡性(xing)循環，導致頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)不斷(duan)下降最終到(dao)(dao)零(ling)，這種(zhong)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)不斷(duan)下降最終到(dao)(dao)零(ling)的現象稱(cheng)為(wei)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)崩(beng)潰(kui)。

50、重合閘后(hou)加速：當線路發生故(gu)障(zhang)后(hou)，保護有選擇(ze)性地(di)動作(zuo)切除故(gu)障(zhang)，然后(hou)重合閘進行一次重合，如(ru)重合于永(yong)久性故(gu)障(zhang)時(shi)，保護裝置不帶(dai)時(shi)限地(di)動作(zuo)斷開短路器。

51、變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器復(fu)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)過(guo)(guo)流保(bao)(bao)護(hu)：該保(bao)(bao)護(hu)通常作為變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器的后備保(bao)(bao)護(hu)，它是由一個(ge)負(fu)序電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器和接在相間電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)上的低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器共同(tong)組成的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)復(fu)合元(yuan)件，兩個(ge)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器只要有一個(ge)動作，同(tong)時過(guo)(guo)流繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器也動作，整套(tao)裝置(zhi)既能(neng)啟動。

52、跨(kua)(kua)步(bu)過電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)：通過接(jie)地(di)(di)體或接(jie)地(di)(di)網流到地(di)(di)中的電(dian)(dian)流，會在地(di)(di)表(biao)及地(di)(di)下深處形成(cheng)一個空間分布的電(dian)(dian)流場，并在離(li)(li)(li)接(jie)地(di)(di)體不同(tong)距離(li)(li)(li)的位置產生(sheng)一個電(dian)(dian)位差，這個電(dian)(dian)位差叫跨(kua)(kua)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。跨(kua)(kua)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)與入地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)流強度成(cheng)正(zheng)比(bi)，與接(jie)地(di)(di)體的距離(li)(li)(li)的平方成(cheng)反比(bi)。跨(kua)(kua)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)較高(gao)時，易造(zao)成(cheng)對人(ren)、蓄的傷(shang)害。

53、反(fan)擊過電壓：在(zai)變電站中(zhong)，如雷擊到(dao)避(bi)雷針上，雷電流(liu)則(ze)通過架構(gou)接地(di)引下線(xian)流(liu)散到(dao)地(di)中(zhong)，由于架構(gou)電感和接地(di)電阻的(de)(de)存在(zai)，在(zai)架構(gou)上會產生(sheng)很(hen)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)地(di)電位(wei)，高(gao)(gao)電位(wei)對(dui)(dui)附(fu)近(jin)的(de)(de)電氣(qi)設備(bei)或(huo)帶電的(de)(de)導線(xian)會產生(sheng)很(hen)大的(de)(de)電位(wei)差。如兩者距離較(jiao)近(jin)，就(jiu)會導致避(bi)雷針對(dui)(dui)其它設備(bei)或(huo)導線(xian)放(fang)電，引起反(fan)擊閃落(luo)而造成事故。

54、系(xi)統(tong)瓦解：由于電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)穩(wen)定破壞、頻率(lv)崩潰(kui)、電(dian)壓崩潰(kui)、連(lian)鎖反映(ying)或自然災(zai)害(hai)等原(yuan)因所造成(cheng)的四分五(wu)裂的大(da)面(mian)積(ji)停電(dian)事故(gu)狀(zhuang)態(tai)。

55、聯(lian)鎖反映(ying)：是指由于一(yi)條輸(shu)電(dian)線路（或(huo)(huo)一(yi)組變壓器）的(de)(de)過負荷(he)或(huo)(huo)事故(gu)(gu)跳閘(zha)而(er)引起其它輸(shu)電(dian)設備和發電(dian)機的(de)(de)相繼跳閘(zha)（包括防止設備損壞而(er)進行的(de)(de)人員操作(zuo)在內(nei)）。聯(lian)鎖反映(ying)是事故(gu)(gu)擴大的(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)重要原(yuan)因。

56、三道防線：是指在電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統受到不(bu)(bu)同擾動(dong)時(shi)對電(dian)(dian)網(wang)保(bao)(bao)證穩(wen)定可靠(kao)供電(dian)(dian)方(fang)面提出的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。（1）當電(dian)(dian)網(wang)發生常(chang)見的(de)概率高的(de)單(dan)一故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統應保(bao)(bao)持(chi)穩(wen)定運行，同時(shi)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)對用戶的(de)正常(chang)供電(dian)(dian)。（2）當電(dian)(dian)網(wang)發生了性質嚴重(zhong)但(dan)概率較(jiao)低(di)的(de)單(dan)一故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)時(shi)，要(yao)求(qiu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統保(bao)(bao)持(chi)穩(wen)定運行，但(dan)允許失去部分(fen)負(fu)荷（或直接切除某些負(fu)荷，或因系統頻率下降，負(fu)荷自然降低(di)）。（3）當系統發生了罕見的(de)多重(zhong)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)（包括單(dan)一故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)同時(shi)繼電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護動(dong)作不(bu)(bu)正確等），電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統可能(neng)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)穩(wen)定運行，但(dan)必須有(you)預定的(de)措施以盡可能(neng)縮(suo)小(xiao)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)影響(xiang)(xiang)范(fan)圍和縮(suo)短影響(xiang)(xiang)時(shi)間(jian)。

57、差(cha)(cha)(cha)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)速(su)(su)斷(duan)(duan)保(bao)護(hu)：在變壓(ya)(ya)器內部發生不對稱故障時，差(cha)(cha)(cha)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)流(liu)中(zhong)產生較大(da)的二(er)次(ci)諧波(bo)分量，使變壓(ya)(ya)器微機縱差(cha)(cha)(cha)保(bao)護(hu)被制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，直至二(er)次(ci)諧波(bo)分量衰(shuai)減后，縱差(cha)(cha)(cha)保(bao)護(hu)才能(neng)(neng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)作。為加速(su)(su)保(bao)護(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)作行為，規定當(dang)差(cha)(cha)(cha)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)流(liu)大(da)于可(ke)能(neng)(neng)出現的最大(da)勵磁涌流(liu)時，縱差(cha)(cha)(cha)保(bao)護(hu)應立即(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)作跳閘，按次(ci)原(yuan)理而整定的保(bao)護(hu)即(ji)為差(cha)(cha)(cha)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)速(su)(su)斷(duan)(duan)保(bao)護(hu)。