1、主保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)：滿(man)足(zu)系統穩(wen)定和設備安全要(yao)求，能以最(zui)快速度有(you)選擇地切除被保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)設備和線路(lu)故障的(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)。

2、高(gao)頻(pin)閉鎖距(ju)離(li)保護：利用距(ju)離(li)保護的啟動元件和(he)距(ju)離(li)方向元件控(kong)制收發信機發出(chu)高(gao)頻(pin)閉鎖信號，閉鎖兩側保護的原理構成的高(gao)頻(pin)保護。

3、二次設(she)備：是(shi)指對一次設(she)備的工(gong)作進行(xing)監測、控(kong)制、調節、保護以及為運(yun)行(xing)、維護人(ren)員提供運(yun)行(xing)工(gong)況或(huo)生產指揮信號所需的低(di)壓電(dian)氣設(she)備。

4、重(zhong)復接(jie)地(di)：將(jiang)零線上的一點或多點，與大地(di)進(jin)行再一次(ci)的連接(jie)叫重(zhong)復接(jie)地(di)。

5、距(ju)離(li)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)：是(shi)利用阻(zu)抗元(yuan)件來反(fan)應(ying)短路(lu)故障(zhang)的(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)裝置。因阻(zu)抗元(yuan)件反(fan)應(ying)接入(ru)該元(yuan)件的(de)電(dian)壓與電(dian)流的(de)比值（U/I=Z），即反(fan)應(ying)短路(lu)故障(zhang)點至(zhi)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)安裝處(chu)的(de)阻(zu)抗值，而線路(lu)的(de)阻(zu)抗與距(ju)離(li)成正(zheng)比，所以稱這(zhe)種保(bao)(bao)護(hu)為距(ju)離(li)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)或阻(zu)抗保(bao)(bao)護(hu)。

6、零(ling)序(xu)(xu)保護(hu)：在大短(duan)路電(dian)流接地(di)(di)系統(tong)中發生接地(di)(di)故(gu)障后，就有零(ling)序(xu)(xu)電(dian)流、零(ling)序(xu)(xu)電(dian)壓和(he)零(ling)序(xu)(xu)功率出現，利用這些電(dian)量構成保護(hu)接地(di)(di)短(duan)路的繼電(dian)保護(hu)裝置統(tong)稱為零(ling)序(xu)(xu)保護(hu)。零(ling)序(xu)(xu)電(dian)流保護(hu)就是常用的一種。

7、后(hou)備保(bao)(bao)護：是指當某一元(yuan)件的主保(bao)(bao)護或斷(duan)路器拒(ju)絕動作(zuo)時，能夠以(yi)較(jiao)長(chang)時限(xian)（相對于主保(bao)(bao)護）切(qie)除(chu)故障(zhang)元(yuan)件的保(bao)(bao)護元(yuan)件。

8、高頻保護：就是故障后將(jiang)線路(lu)(lu)兩端的電流相(xiang)位或(huo)功率(lv)方向轉(zhuan)化為高頻信號(hao)，然后利用輸電線路(lu)(lu)本身構成(cheng)一高頻電流通道，將(jiang)此信號(hao)送(song)至對端，以比較兩端電流相(xiang)位或(huo)功率(lv)方向的一種保護。

9、電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)安全自動裝置：是(shi)指防止(zhi)電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)失去穩(wen)定和避免(mian)電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)發生大面積停電(dian)的自動保護裝置。

10、電(dian)(dian)力系統事故：是(shi)指電(dian)(dian)力系統設備故障或(huo)人員工(gong)作失(shi)誤，影響電(dian)(dian)能(neng)供應數量和質(zhi)量并(bing)超過規定范圍的(de)事件。

11、諧(xie)振過電壓：電力(li)系統(tong)中(zhong)一些電感、電容(rong)元件在系統(tong)進(jin)行操作或發生故障時可形(xing)成各種(zhong)振蕩回路，在一定的(de)能源下，會產生串聯諧(xie)振現象，導(dao)致(zhi)系統(tong)某些元件出(chu)現嚴重的(de)過電壓。

12、斷(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)器(qi)失(shi)靈保護：當系統(tong)發生(sheng)故障(zhang)(zhang)，故障(zhang)(zhang)元件(jian)的(de)(de)保護動作(zuo)而斷(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)器(qi)操作(zuo)失(shi)靈拒絕(jue)跳(tiao)閘時(shi)，通過故障(zhang)(zhang)元件(jian)的(de)(de)保護作(zuo)用(yong)于本變電站(zhan)相鄰斷(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)器(qi)跳(tiao)閘，有條件(jian)的(de)(de)還可以利用(yong)通道(dao)，使遠端有關斷(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)器(qi)同(tong)時(shi)跳(tiao)閘的(de)(de)接線稱(cheng)為斷(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)器(qi)失(shi)靈保護。

13、諧(xie)振：由電(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)感和(he)電(dian)(dian)容組成(cheng)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)路，若電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)頻率和(he)電(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)參數符(fu)合一定(ding)的(de)(de)條件，電(dian)(dian)抗將等(deng)于零，電(dian)(dian)路呈電(dian)(dian)阻性，電(dian)(dian)壓與(yu)電(dian)(dian)流同相位，這種現象(xiang)稱為諧(xie)振。

14、綜(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)重合(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)：當發生單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)接地故障時，采用單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)重合(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)方(fang)式(shi)；當發生相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)間(jian)短路時，采用三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)重合(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)方(fang)式(shi)。綜(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)考慮這(zhe)兩種重合(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)方(fang)式(shi)的裝置(zhi)稱為綜(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)重合(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)裝置(zhi)。綜(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)重合(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)裝置(zhi)經過(guo)轉換開關切(qie)換，一般都具有單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)重合(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)，三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)重合(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)，綜(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)重合(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)和直跳(即線路上發生任何類型的故障，保護(hu)可通過(guo)重合(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)裝置(zhi)的出口，斷開三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，不進(jin)行(xing)重合(he)(he)(he)(he)閘(zha))等(deng)四種運行(xing)方(fang)式(shi)。

15、自(zi)動(dong)重合閘：是將因故障跳開(kai)后的斷路器(qi)按需要(yao)自(zi)動(dong)投(tou)入的一種自(zi)動(dong)裝置。

16、運(yun)用(yong)中(zhong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備：是指全部帶(dai)有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓或一部分帶(dai)有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓及一經操作即(ji)帶(dai)有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備。

17、遠后備：是指當元件(jian)故障而其保(bao)護裝置(zhi)或開關拒(ju)絕動作(zuo)時，由(you)各電源側的相(xiang)鄰元件(jian)保(bao)護裝置(zhi)動作(zuo)將故障切(qie)開。

18、能量管理系(xi)統（EMS）：是(shi)現代電網調度自動化系(xi)統的(de)總稱。其(qi)主要功能由基礎功能和應用功能兩個部分組成(cheng)。

19、近后(hou)備保(bao)(bao)(bao)護：用雙(shuang)重化配置方式加(jia)強(qiang)元件本(ben)身的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護，使之在區內(nei)故(gu)障時(shi)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)護無拒動(dong)的(de)可能，同時(shi)裝設開(kai)關失靈保(bao)(bao)(bao)護，以便當(dang)開(kai)關拒絕跳閘(zha)時(shi)啟動(dong)它來(lai)切(qie)開(kai)同一變電所母線的(de)高壓開(kai)關，或搖切(qie)對(dui)側開(kai)關。

20、復合(he)電(dian)(dian)壓過電(dian)(dian)流保護(hu)：是由一個(ge)(ge)(ge)負序電(dian)(dian)壓繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)器和(he)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)接在相間(jian)電(dian)(dian)壓上的低電(dian)(dian)壓繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)器共(gong)同組成的電(dian)(dian)壓復合(he)元(yuan)件，兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)器只要有(you)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)動(dong)作(zuo)，同時過電(dian)(dian)流繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)器也動(dong)作(zuo)，整套裝置即(ji)能啟動(dong)。

21、自動(dong)低(di)頻(pin)(pin)減(jian)負(fu)荷裝置：為了(le)提高供電質量，保證重(zhong)要(yao)用戶(hu)供電的可靠性，當系統出現(xian)有功功率(lv)(lv)缺(que)額引起頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)下降時(shi)，根據頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)下降的程度，自動(dong)斷(duan)開一部分不重(zhong)要(yao)的用戶(hu)，阻止(zhi)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)下降，以使頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)迅速恢復到正常值(zhi)，這種裝置叫自動(dong)低(di)頻(pin)(pin)減(jian)負(fu)荷裝置。

22、線路(lu)的縱聯保(bao)護(hu)(hu)：當線路(lu)發生(sheng)故障時，使兩側(ce)開關同時快(kuai)速(su)跳閘的一種保(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置，是(shi)線路(lu)的主保(bao)護(hu)(hu)。它以線路(lu)兩側(ce)判(pan)別量(liang)的特定關系(xi)作為判(pan)據。即兩側(ce)均將(jiang)判(pan)別量(liang)借助通道傳(chuan)輸到對側(ce)，然后，兩側(ce)分別安裝對側(ce)與本側(ce)判(pan)別量(liang)之間的關系(xi)來判(pan)別區(qu)內故障或區(qu)外故障。

23、電力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)動(dong)態(tai)穩定：是指電力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)受(shou)到小(xiao)的(de)或大的(de)干擾后，在(zai)自動(dong)調節器(qi)和控制裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)作用下，保持長過程的(de)運行(xing)穩定性的(de)能(neng)力(li)。

24、調度術語中“許可” 的(de)含義: 在改變電氣設備的(de)狀態和(he)電網運(yun)行方式前,根據有關(guan)規(gui)定,由(you)有關(guan)人員(yuan)提出操作項目,值班調度員(yuan)同意(yi)其操作。

25、綜合指(zhi)令：是值班調(diao)度員(yuan)對(dui)一個(ge)單位下達(da)的一個(ge)綜合操作任務,具體操作項目、順序(xu)由現場運行人員(yuan)按(an)規定自行填(tian)寫操作票(piao),在(zai)得到值班調(diao)度員(yuan)允許之后即可進行操作。

26、頻率的一次調整(zheng)：由發(fa)電(dian)機組的調速器自(zi)動(dong)實現的不改變變速機構(gou)位置的調節(jie)(jie)過程就(jiu)是頻率的一次調整(zheng)。這(zhe)一調節(jie)(jie)是有(you)差調節(jie)(jie)，是對第一種負荷變動(dong)引起的頻率偏差進(jin)行(xing)的調整(zheng)。

27、頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)的(de)二(er)次調(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)：在(zai)電(dian)力負荷(he)發生變化(hua)時，僅靠發電(dian)機調(diao)速系統頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)特性而(er)引起的(de)一次調(diao)頻(pin)(pin)是不能恢(hui)復原運行(xing)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)的(de)，為使(shi)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)保持不變，需運行(xing)人員手動或自動操作調(diao)速器，使(shi)發電(dian)機的(de)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)特性平行(xing)地上下移(yi)動，進而(er)調(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)負荷(he)，使(shi)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)不變。保持系統頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)不變是由一次調(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)和二(er)次調(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)共(gong)同完成的(de)。

28、頻率的三次調整：即有功功率的經濟分(fen)(fen)配。按最優化準則分(fen)(fen)配預(yu)計負荷中(zhong)的持續分(fen)(fen)量(liang)部分(fen)(fen)，安排系(xi)統系(xi)統內各(ge)有關發(fa)(fa)(fa)電廠(chang)按給定(ding)的負荷曲(qu)線發(fa)(fa)(fa)電，在各(ge)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電廠(chang)、各(ge)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電機組之間(jian)最優分(fen)(fen)配有功功率負荷。

29、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)調速系統(tong)(tong)的(de)頻(pin)(pin)率靜態特(te)性：當系統(tong)(tong)頻(pin)(pin)率變(bian)(bian)化時，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組的(de)調速系統(tong)(tong)將自(zi)動地改變(bian)(bian)汽(qi)輪(lun)機(ji)(ji)的(de)進汽(qi)量或水輪(lun)機(ji)(ji)的(de)進水量，以增減發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組的(de)出(chu)力，這(zhe)種反映由頻(pin)(pin)率變(bian)(bian)化而引發(fa)(fa)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組出(chu)力變(bian)(bian)化的(de)關系，叫發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)調速系統(tong)(tong)的(de)頻(pin)(pin)率靜態特(te)性。

30、逆調壓(ya)(ya)(ya)方(fang)式：在(zai)最大負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)時提高中(zhong)樞(shu)(shu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)以抵償(chang)因線(xian)路(lu)上最大負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)而增大的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)損耗(hao)，在(zai)最小負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)時將中(zhong)樞(shu)(shu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降低一些以防(fang)止負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)過高。這種中(zhong)樞(shu)(shu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)調壓(ya)(ya)(ya)方(fang)法稱為逆調壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。在(zai)最大負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)時，使中(zhong)樞(shu)(shu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)比(bi)線(xian)路(lu)額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)高5%，在(zai)最低負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)時，使中(zhong)樞(shu)(shu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)下降至線(xian)路(lu)的(de)額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，大多能滿足(zu)用戶(hu)要(yao)求。

31、恒調(diao)(diao)(diao)壓(ya)：如(ru)果負荷(he)變(bian)動(dong)較小，即將中樞點(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)保(bao)持在較線(xian)路額(e)定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)高（2%--5%）的(de)數(shu)值，不(bu)必(bi)隨負荷(he)變(bian)化來調(diao)(diao)(diao)整中樞點(dian)的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)仍可保(bao)證負荷(he)點(dian)的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)質量(liang)，這種調(diao)(diao)(diao)壓(ya)方法叫恒調(diao)(diao)(diao)壓(ya)或常(chang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)壓(ya)。

32、順(shun)調壓(ya)(ya)：如負荷(he)變(bian)化甚小(xiao)，或用戶處于(yu)允許(xu)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)偏移較大(da)的(de)(de)農業(ye)電(dian)網，在最大(da)負荷(he)時允許(xu)中(zhong)(zhong)樞點電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)低(di)一(yi)些（不得低(di)于(yu)線路額(e)定電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)102.5%），在最小(xiao)負荷(he)時允許(xu)中(zhong)(zhong)樞點電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高一(yi)些（不得高于(yu)線路額(e)定電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)107.5%）。在無功調整手段不足時，可采取這種調壓(ya)(ya)方式，但一(yi)般應避(bi)免采用。

33、電力調(diao)度(du)計劃的變更權：是(shi)指電網調(diao)度(du)機構在電網出現(xian)特殊(shu)情況(kuang)下，變更日調(diao)度(du)計劃的一種(zhong)權利。這種(zhong)權利是(shi)有(you)限(xian)的，不能借(jie)此權利濫變調(diao)度(du)計劃而使其失(shi)去嚴肅(su)性。

34、變壓(ya)器(qi)空載損耗：變壓(ya)器(qi)運行時(shi)，一次(ci)側(ce)在額(e)定電壓(ya)下變壓(ya)器(qi)所消耗的(de)功率。其近似(si)等于(yu)鐵損。

35、變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器連接組(zu)別的(de)(de)時(shi)鐘(zhong)表示法(fa)：以(yi)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器高壓(ya)(ya)側線電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)向量作為(wei)(wei)分針，并(bing)固定指(zhi)向“12”，以(yi)低壓(ya)(ya)側同(tong)名線電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)向量作為(wei)(wei)時(shi)針，它(ta)所指(zhi)向的(de)(de)時(shi)數，即為(wei)(wei)該(gai)接線組(zu)別的(de)(de)組(zu)號。

36、變壓(ya)器過勵磁：當(dang)變壓(ya)器在電壓(ya)升高(gao)或(huo)頻(pin)率下降時都(dou)將(jiang)造成工(gong)作磁通密度增加，變壓(ya)器的鐵芯飽和(he)稱為變壓(ya)器過勵磁。

37、變(bian)(bian)壓器勵磁涌(yong)流(liu)：是指變(bian)(bian)壓器全電(dian)(dian)壓充電(dian)(dian)時在其(qi)繞組(zu)產生的暫(zan)態電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。其(qi)最(zui)大值(zhi)可達變(bian)(bian)壓器額定電(dian)(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)的6—8倍。最(zui)大涌(yong)流(liu)出現在變(bian)(bian)壓器投入時電(dian)(dian)壓經過(guo)零點瞬間。

38、電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)：把由發電(dian)(dian)、輸電(dian)(dian)、變電(dian)(dian)、配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)、用電(dian)(dian)設備及相應的輔助系(xi)統(tong)組(zu)成的電(dian)(dian)能生產、輸送、分配(pei)(pei)、使用的統(tong)一整體稱(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)。

39、電(dian)力網：把輸電(dian)、變(bian)電(dian)、配電(dian)設備及(ji)相(xiang)應(ying)的輔助系統(tong)組成的聯系發電(dian)與用電(dian)的統(tong)一整體稱為電(dian)力網。

40、輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力：是指在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)之間，或在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)中從一個(ge)局部(bu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)（或發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠）到另一個(ge)局部(bu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)（或變電(dian)(dian)(dian)所）之間的(de)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)容(rong)許(xu)的(de)最大送電(dian)(dian)(dian)功率（一般按受端(duan)計(ji)）。

41、主網(wang)：是(shi)指(zhi)最高電(dian)壓輸電(dian)網(wang)，在形成初期也包括次一級電(dian)壓網(wang)，共同構成電(dian)網(wang)的(de)骨架(jia)。

42、電(dian)網(wang)結構：主要是指主網(wang)的(de)接線(xian)方式、區域電(dian)網(wang)電(dian)源(yuan)和負荷大小及聯絡線(xian)功率(lv)交換量的(de)大小等。

43、線(xian)路(lu)充電功率(lv)：由線(xian)路(lu)的對(dui)地電容電流所(suo)產生的無功功率(lv)，稱為線(xian)路(lu)的充電功率(lv)。

44、潛(qian)供(gong)電(dian)流(liu)：當故(gu)障相(xiang)（線(xian)路(lu)(lu)）自兩(liang)側(ce)切除后，非故(gu)障相(xiang)（線(xian)路(lu)(lu)）與斷開(kai)相(xiang)（線(xian)路(lu)(lu)）之(zhi)間存在(zai)的電(dian)感耦(ou)合和電(dian)容耦(ou)合，繼續向故(gu)障相(xiang)（線(xian)路(lu)(lu)）提(ti)供(gong)的電(dian)流(liu)稱為潛(qian)供(gong)電(dian)流(liu)。如其值較大(da)時(shi)可使重合閘失敗。

45、波(bo)(bo)阻抗：電磁(ci)波(bo)(bo)沿線(xian)路單(dan)方向傳播時，行(xing)波(bo)(bo)電壓與行(xing)波(bo)(bo)電流絕對(dui)值(zhi)之比稱為波(bo)(bo)阻抗。其值(zhi)為單(dan)位長度(du)線(xian)路電感(gan)與電容之比的平方根。

46、自(zi)然功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)：輸(shu)電線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)既會因其(qi)具有(you)的分布電容產(chan)生無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，又會因其(qi)串聯阻(zu)抗(kang)消耗無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，當沿線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)傳送(song)(song)某(mou)一固定有(you)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)上的這(zhe)兩種無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)適能(neng)相互平衡時，這(zhe)個有(you)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)叫線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)的自(zi)然功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。如傳輸(shu)的有(you)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)低于(yu)此值(zhi)，線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)將(jiang)(jiang)向系統(tong)送(song)(song)出無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)；而高于(yu)此值(zhi)時，則將(jiang)(jiang)吸收(shou)系統(tong)的無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。

47、大(da)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)系統：中性點直接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)系統中，發生單相接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)故(gu)障時，接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)短(duan)路(lu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)很(hen)大(da)，這種系統稱為(wei)大(da)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)系統。

48、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)崩(beng)潰：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統無(wu)功(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)特性(xing)(xing)曲(qu)線與無(wu)功(gong)(gong)負荷的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)特性(xing)(xing)曲(qu)線的(de)(de)切點所對應的(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，稱(cheng)為臨界(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統所有無(wu)功(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)容量已調至最(zui)大(da)，系(xi)統運(yun)(yun)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)會因(yin)(yin)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)負荷的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)增長而不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)降(jiang)低，如(ru)運(yun)(yun)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)至臨界(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi)，會因(yin)(yin)擾動使負荷的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)下降(jiang)，將使無(wu)功(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)永遠小于無(wu)功(gong)(gong)負荷，從而導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)下降(jiang)最(zui)終到零，這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)下降(jiang)最(zui)終到零的(de)(de)現(xian)象稱(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)崩(beng)潰。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)崩(beng)潰會導致大(da)量損(sun)失(shi)負荷，甚(shen)至大(da)面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或使系(xi)統瓦(wa)解。

49、頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)崩潰(kui)：發電機(ji)的(de)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)特性曲(qu)線與負(fu)荷的(de)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)特性曲(qu)線的(de)切點所對(dui)應的(de)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)稱為臨界頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)。電力(li)系(xi)統運行頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)等(deng)于（或低(di)與）臨界頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)時，如(ru)擾動使系(xi)統頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)下(xia)降，將迫使發電機(ji)出力(li)減少，從而使系(xi)統頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)進一(yi)步下(xia)降，有功(gong)不(bu)平衡加劇，形成(cheng)惡性循環，導致頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)不(bu)斷(duan)下(xia)降最終到零，這種頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)不(bu)斷(duan)下(xia)降最終到零的(de)現象稱為頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)崩潰(kui)。

50、重(zhong)(zhong)合(he)(he)閘后(hou)(hou)(hou)加速：當線(xian)路(lu)發生故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，保護有(you)選擇性(xing)地動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)切除故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)，然后(hou)(hou)(hou)重(zhong)(zhong)合(he)(he)閘進(jin)行一次重(zhong)(zhong)合(he)(he)，如重(zhong)(zhong)合(he)(he)于永久性(xing)故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)時(shi)(shi)，保護裝置不帶(dai)時(shi)(shi)限(xian)地動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)斷(duan)開短路(lu)器。

51、變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)復(fu)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)過流(liu)(liu)保(bao)護：該(gai)保(bao)護通(tong)常作為(wei)變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)后備保(bao)護，它是由一(yi)個(ge)負序電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)和(he)接在相間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)上的(de)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)共同(tong)組成的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)復(fu)合元件(jian)，兩個(ge)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)只要(yao)有一(yi)個(ge)動(dong)作，同(tong)時(shi)過流(liu)(liu)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)也動(dong)作，整套裝置既能(neng)啟動(dong)。

52、跨(kua)步(bu)過電壓：通過接(jie)地(di)(di)體或接(jie)地(di)(di)網流到地(di)(di)中的電流，會在(zai)地(di)(di)表及地(di)(di)下(xia)深處形(xing)成一個(ge)空間(jian)分(fen)布的電流場，并在(zai)離接(jie)地(di)(di)體不同距離的位(wei)置產生一個(ge)電位(wei)差，這個(ge)電位(wei)差叫跨(kua)步(bu)電壓。跨(kua)步(bu)電壓與(yu)入地(di)(di)電流強度成正比，與(yu)接(jie)地(di)(di)體的距離的平方成反比。跨(kua)步(bu)電壓較高時，易造成對人、蓄的傷害。

53、反擊過電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)：在(zai)(zai)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)中，如雷(lei)擊到(dao)避雷(lei)針(zhen)上(shang)，雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)則(ze)通過架(jia)構(gou)(gou)接(jie)地(di)引下線(xian)(xian)流(liu)散到(dao)地(di)中，由于架(jia)構(gou)(gou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感和(he)接(jie)地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)存在(zai)(zai)，在(zai)(zai)架(jia)構(gou)(gou)上(shang)會產生很高(gao)的(de)(de)對地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位，高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位對附近(jin)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備(bei)或(huo)(huo)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)導線(xian)(xian)會產生很大的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位差。如兩者距離(li)較近(jin)，就會導致避雷(lei)針(zhen)對其它(ta)設備(bei)或(huo)(huo)導線(xian)(xian)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，引起(qi)反擊閃落而造成事故(gu)。

54、系統瓦解：由于電力系統穩定破壞、頻率崩潰、電壓崩潰、連鎖反映或自然(ran)災(zai)害(hai)等原因所造(zao)成的(de)四分五裂的(de)大面積停電事故狀態。

55、聯鎖反映：是指由于(yu)一(yi)條輸電線路（或一(yi)組(zu)變壓(ya)器）的過(guo)負荷或事故(gu)跳閘而引(yin)起其(qi)它(ta)輸電設備(bei)和(he)發電機的相繼跳閘（包括防(fang)止設備(bei)損壞(huai)而進行的人員操作在(zai)內）。聯鎖反映是事故(gu)擴大的一(yi)個(ge)重要原(yuan)因。

56、三道(dao)防線：是指(zhi)在電(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)(tong)受到不(bu)同(tong)擾動時(shi)對(dui)電(dian)網保(bao)證穩定可靠供電(dian)方面提出的(de)要求。（1）當(dang)電(dian)網發(fa)生常(chang)見的(de)概率(lv)高的(de)單(dan)一故障(zhang)時(shi)，電(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)(tong)應保(bao)持(chi)(chi)(chi)穩定運行，同(tong)時(shi)保(bao)持(chi)(chi)(chi)對(dui)用(yong)戶的(de)正常(chang)供電(dian)。（2）當(dang)電(dian)網發(fa)生了性質嚴重但(dan)概率(lv)較低的(de)單(dan)一故障(zhang)時(shi)，要求電(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)(tong)保(bao)持(chi)(chi)(chi)穩定運行，但(dan)允許失去部分(fen)負(fu)荷(he)（或直接(jie)切除某些負(fu)荷(he)，或因系統(tong)(tong)(tong)頻率(lv)下降，負(fu)荷(he)自(zi)然降低）。（3）當(dang)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)發(fa)生了罕見的(de)多重故障(zhang)（包括單(dan)一故障(zhang)同(tong)時(shi)繼電(dian)保(bao)護動作不(bu)正確(que)等），電(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)(tong)可能不(bu)能保(bao)持(chi)(chi)(chi)穩定運行，但(dan)必須有預(yu)定的(de)措施以盡(jin)可能縮小(xiao)事(shi)故影響范圍和縮短影響時(shi)間(jian)。

57、差動速(su)斷保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)：在變壓(ya)器(qi)內(nei)部發生不(bu)對稱故障(zhang)時(shi)(shi)，差動電(dian)流中產生較(jiao)大的二(er)次(ci)諧(xie)波分量，使變壓(ya)器(qi)微機縱差保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)被制動，直至(zhi)二(er)次(ci)諧(xie)波分量衰(shuai)減后，縱差保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)才能動作(zuo)(zuo)。為(wei)加速(su)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)動作(zuo)(zuo)行(xing)為(wei)，規定當差動電(dian)流大于可(ke)能出現的最大勵(li)磁涌流時(shi)(shi)，縱差保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)應立即動作(zuo)(zuo)跳閘(zha)，按次(ci)原理而整定的保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)即為(wei)差動速(su)斷保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)。