光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感器是(shi)各種光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)系(xi)統中實現光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵元(yuan)件(jian)，它是(shi)把光(guang)信號（紅外、可(ke)見(jian)及(ji)紫外光(guang)輻射）轉變成為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)信號的(de)(de)(de)器件(jian)。它可(ke)用(yong)于檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)直接引起光(guang)量(liang)變化的(de)(de)(de)非(fei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，如(ru)光(guang)強、光(guang)照度(du)、輻射測(ce)(ce)溫、氣(qi)體成分分析等；也可(ke)用(yong)來檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)能轉換(huan)(huan)成光(guang)量(liang)變化的(de)(de)(de)其他非(fei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，如(ru)零件(jian)直徑(jing)、表面粗糙度(du)、應變、位移、振動(dong)、速(su)度(du)、加速(su)度(du)，以及(ji)物(wu)體的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)狀、工作狀態的(de)(de)(de)識別等。

光電傳感器(qi)(qi)一般由三部分組成，分為：發射器(qi)(qi)，接(jie)收器(qi)(qi)和檢測電路。

光電傳感器原理：

光(guang)(guang)(guang)電元件(jian)是(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電傳感(gan)器中重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)成部分，它的(de)(de)(de)核心工作原理是(shi)(shi)不同類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電效應(ying)。根據(ju)波粒二象(xiang)性，光(guang)(guang)(guang)是(shi)(shi)由(you)光(guang)(guang)(guang)速運動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)所組(zu)成， 當物體(ti)受到光(guang)(guang)(guang)線照射時，其內(nei)部的(de)(de)(de)電子(zi)吸收了光(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)能量后改(gai)變狀態(tai)，自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)電性質也會發生(sheng)改(gai)變，這樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)稱為(wei)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電效應(ying)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)電傳感(gan)器通常(chang)包(bao)括光(guang)(guang)(guang)源，光(guang)(guang)(guang)路(lu)和光(guang)(guang)(guang)電元件(jian)。通過(guo)將光(guang)(guang)(guang)強度的(de)(de)(de)變化轉換成電信號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)變化來控(kong)制光(guang)(guang)(guang)電傳感(gan)器。

光電傳感器分類：

光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)元件有(you)光(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)二(er)極管、光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)極管、發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)極管、光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)倍(bei)增管、 光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)耦合器(qi)(qi)件等(deng)。由光(guang)(guang)(guang)通量對光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)元件的作(zuo)用原理不同所制成的光(guang)(guang)(guang)學測控系統是(shi)多種多樣的，按光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)元件輸(shu)出量性質，光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)可分二(er)類，即模擬式(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)和脈(mo)沖式(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)；模擬式(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)按被測量方法又(you)可分為透射式(shi)(shi)、漫反射式(shi)(shi)、遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)式(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)大類。

光電傳感(gan)器(qi)應用原理:

1.光(guang)電(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感(gan)器在高(gao)壓大(da)電(dian)(dian)流測試中的應用

近年(nian)來，采用(yong)(yong)光(guang)學設備進行(xing)高(gao)壓(ya)大電(dian)(dian)流測(ce)(ce)量(liang)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)中發(fa)展很快，許多新(xin)型的(de)(de)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)式傳感(gan)(gan)器系統(tong)已相繼投(tou)入現場(chang)運行(xing)，為高(gao)壓(ya)大電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)監測(ce)(ce)帶(dai)來許多便利(li)條(tiao)件。OCT響(xiang)應速度快，測(ce)(ce)量(liang)精度高(gao)。OCT不同于(yu)(yu)CT(傳統(tong)電(dian)(dian)流互(hu)感(gan)(gan)器) 的(de)(de)基點(dian)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)信號功(gong)率小，OCT產品在(zai)被測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)流從高(gao)電(dian)(dian)位轉換到低電(dian)(dian)位的(de)(de)過程中都是(shi)用(yong)(yong)光(guang)來調(diao)制的(de)(de)，其光(guang)學儀器部分只有(you)微瓦級(ji)的(de)(de)功(gong)率，而CT的(de)(de)次級(ji)線圈需要(yao)瓦級(ji)的(de)(de)功(gong)率。

2.光電傳感(gan)器(qi)在(zai)轉速(su)測量系統中的(de)應用

在機(ji)械自動(dong)化(hua)高速發展的(de)(de)(de)今天，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速是(shi)動(dong)力機(ji)械性(xing)能測(ce)(ce)試中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)一個重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)參量(liang)(liang)，其(qi)大小和(he)變化(hua)關系著機(ji)械運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)是(shi)否正(zheng)常(chang)。動(dong)力機(ji)械的(de)(de)(de)許多特(te)性(xing)參數往往通過轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速來(lai)確定，例如電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)輸出功率，而且動(dong)力機(ji)械的(de)(de)(de)振動(dong)、管道氣流脈動(dong)與各種(zhong)工作零(ling)件的(de)(de)(de)磨損狀態等也(ye)與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速密切相關。及(ji)時(shi)監測(ce)(ce)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)可(ke)以(yi)及(ji)時(shi)排除機(ji)器(qi)運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)許多故障(zhang)，避免(mian)造成更大損失。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)方(fang)(fang)法按傳(chuan)感器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)安裝方(fang)(fang)式來(lai)分類(lei)，分為接觸式和(he)非接觸式兩類(lei)。非接觸式轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)分盤式磁性(xing)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)、軸式磁性(xing)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)、遮斷式光(guang)電(dian)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)和(he)反射式光(guang)電(dian)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)應用(yong)廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)光(guang)電(dian)式測(ce)(ce)速系統。

3.光電傳感器在繼電保(bao)護(hu)中的(de)應用

隨著(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業的(de)發展(zhan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)輸送容量(liang)(liang)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級(ji)不斷提高，傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)互感(gan)器(qi)(qi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)進行(xing)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)和監控存在著(zhu)(zhu)許多缺(que)(que)點。目前，應用光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)的(de)光(guang)纖互感(gan)器(qi)(qi)和光(guang)纖通訊網(wang)構成(cheng)的(de)光(guang)纖發變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站綜合自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)系統(tong)(tong)，已成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)技(ji)術有前景的(de)發展(zhan)方向之一。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)互感(gan)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)中重要的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)設備(bei)(bei)，也是(shi)實(shi)(shi)現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)的(de)關鍵設備(bei)(bei)。新型有源光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)能(neng)夠克服(fu)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)互感(gan)器(qi)(qi)的(de)尺寸大、質量(liang)(liang)大、抗(kang)干擾差、信息傳(chuan)輸容量(liang)(liang)小等缺(que)(que)陷(xian)，使得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)安全(quan)運(yun)行(xing)和自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)水平(ping)均無法達到要求等缺(que)(que)陷(xian)，同時能(neng)以(yi)數字信號輸出，取消了大量(liang)(liang)的(de)二(er)次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)安全(quan)運(yun)行(xing)、節約成(cheng)本(ben)、高壓(ya)設備(bei)(bei)無油化(hua)、優化(hua)二(er)次設備(bei)(bei)提供了堅實(shi)(shi)的(de)基礎。

4.光(guang)電(dian)傳感器在煙塵(chen)濁度(du)監測的應用

防止煙(yan)塵污染(ran)是環保的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)任務(wu)之(zhi)一，為了(le)消除工業煙(yan)塵污染(ran)，首(shou)先(xian)要(yao)知道(dao)煙(yan)塵排(pai)放量，因此必(bi)須對煙(yan)塵源進(jin)行監測、自動(dong)顯示(shi)和超(chao)標報警。煙(yan)道(dao)里(li)的(de)(de)(de)煙(yan)塵濁(zhuo)(zhuo)度是用通過(guo)(guo)光(guang)(guang)在(zai)煙(yan)道(dao)里(li)傳輸過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化大小來檢測的(de)(de)(de)，如(ru)果煙(yan)道(dao)濁(zhuo)(zhuo)度增加，光(guang)(guang)源發出的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)被煙(yan)塵顆(ke)粒的(de)(de)(de)吸收和折射(she)增加，到達光(guang)(guang)檢測器的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)減(jian)少，因而光(guang)(guang)檢測器輸出信號的(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)弱便可反映煙(yan)道(dao)濁(zhuo)(zhuo)度的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化。

應用案例1：光電位(wei)置偏移檢(jian)測

光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)式位置(zhi)偏移檢測(ce)(ce)器主要(yao)是用(yong)(yong)于對(dui)帶(dai)型材料(liao)(liao)的(de)檢測(ce)(ce)，可以(yi)利用(yong)(yong)這(zhe)一技術(shu)對(dui)在(zai)具體(ti)(ti)加工過(guo)程中的(de)材料(liao)(liao)進行(xing)檢測(ce)(ce)，檢測(ce)(ce)材料(liao)(liao)的(de)位置(zhi)、大小、方向(xiang)是否符合(he)標(biao)準；通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)對(dui)這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)方面的(de)檢測(ce)(ce)，能提(ti)供具體(ti)(ti)的(de)錯位位置(zhi)的(de)信號，有助于控(kong)制電(dian)路。這(zhe)個(ge)技術(shu)人們通(tong)(tong)(tong)常用(yong)(yong)在(zai)對(dui)印染、膠片等方面的(de)檢測(ce)(ce)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)式帶(dai)材跑偏檢測(ce)(ce)器利用(yong)(yong)的(de)基本原理如(ru)下列圖所示(shi)。當從光(guang)(guang)(guang)源點發出的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)透鏡1時(shi)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)線由于聚(ju)光(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)原理會(hui)(hui)變成光(guang)(guang)(guang)束，然后(hou)投向(xiang)透鏡2，之后(hou)會(hui)(hui)聚(ju)到(dao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)敏電(dian)阻上。平行(xing)光(guang)(guang)(guang)束到(dao)達透鏡2之前(qian)，一些(xie)(xie)光(guang)(guang)(guang)線會(hui)(hui)因(yin)為受到(dao)被(bei)測(ce)(ce)帶(dai)材的(de)影響，最(zui)終到(dao)達光(guang)(guang)(guang)敏電(dian)阻的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量會(hui)(hui)減少。

應用案例2：光電高度檢測

一般而言，在物品(pin)的(de)包裝過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，會(hui)(hui)有對充(chong)(chong)填高(gao)(gao)(gao)度的(de)具體要求(qiu)，以此(ci)來確保物品(pin)的(de)外觀達到規(gui)定標(biao)準(zhun)，而對于那些不(bu)符合充(chong)(chong)填高(gao)(gao)(gao)度的(de)產(chan)品(pin)，將會(hui)(hui)被禁止出廠。下圖(tu)所示的(de)是關于光電(dian)檢測(ce)這一技(ji)術在控制商品(pin)填充(chong)(chong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)度中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)應用的(de)基本原理。如果商品(pin)的(de)充(chong)(chong)填高(gao)(gao)(gao)度超過(guo)了(le)規(gui)定的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)值(zhi)，光電(dian)的(de)接頭就會(hui)(hui)出現沒有電(dian)信(xin)號的(de)現象，然后就會(hui)(hui)讓其(qi)他機構對物品(pin)進(jin)行處理。

應用案例3：光電色質(zhi)檢測

下(xia)圖所展示的(de)(de)是在包裝物料時(shi)候所采取的(de)(de)光電色質(zhi)檢測的(de)(de)基(ji)本原理。假定(ding)所規定(ding)標準的(de)(de)包裝物品(pin)的(de)(de)底色是白色但由于質(zhi)量沒有達到標準等原因，有的(de)(de)商品(pin)出現(xian)泛(fan)黃(huang)的(de)(de)現(xian)象，在對產(chan)品(pin)進(jin)行(xing)光電色質(zhi)檢測的(de)(de)時(shi)候，商品(pin)泛(fan)黃(huang)部分(fen)就會(hui)出現(xian)電壓(ya)差；通過(guo)輸(shu)出的(de)(de)電壓(ya)量的(de)(de)差值(zhi)，接通電磁閥(fa)，最后通過(guo)壓(ya)縮空氣將已(yi)經(jing)泛(fan)黃(huang)了的(de)(de)商品(pin)排出。

應(ying)用案例4：工(gong)業生(sheng)產(chan)過程檢測

除上述光電傳感器(qi)的實際應用(yong)之(zhi)外(wai)，光電傳感器(qi)還可用(yong)于(yu)進(jin)行對(dui)流水線上的產(chan)品進(jin)行產(chan)量的統計、檢(jian)測(ce)對(dui)裝的配(pei)件是否(fou)(fou)有(you)配(pei)置(zhi)好、檢(jian)測(ce)其(qi)配(pei)件的質量是否(fou)(fou)有(you)達到(dao)規定的標準，例(li)如，可以對(dui)瓶蓋是否(fou)(fou)壓緊(jin)進(jin)行具體檢(jian)測(ce)、對(dui)商標是否(fou)(fou)存在漏貼(tie)的情(qing)況進(jin)行檢(jian)測(ce)(見圖4)，能對(dui)送(song)料(liao)機構中是否(fou)(fou)出現斷料(liao)情(qing)況進(jin)行具體檢(jian)測(ce)(見下(xia)圖)等。

（來源：網絡，版權歸原作者，若有(you)侵權請(qing)聯系(xi)刪除）